erythraean sea map

The peninsula east of Rhapta would have been the northern tip of Mafia Island. Agatharchides of Cnidus. Topics include health, education, economics, agriculture, environment, technology, culture, politics, labour… Drawn by James Rennell, 1799. As early as AD 50, Opone was well known as a center for the cinnamon trade, along with the trading of cloves and other spices, ivory, exotic animal skins and incense. Furthermore, Miller points out that Roman coins have been found on Pemba island, just north of Rhapta.[14]. II. To the north the bay is open to the sea and any sailor entering the waters from that direction would feel as if he were entering a bay. Translated from the Greek by . The Periplus further claims to the circulation of Indo-Greek coinage in the region: To the present day ancient drachmae are current in Barygaza, coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, Apollodorus [sic] and Menander. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. Chami summarizes the evidence for Rhapta's location as follows: The actual location of the Azanian capital, Rhapta, remains unknown. The South West monsoon was key for the voyage from the West to India: Ships would leave Egypt in July in order to catch the wind bringing them safely into India in September. There are exported from these places spikenard, costus [Saussurea costus], bdellium, ivory, agate and carnelian, lycium, cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market-towns. Erythra Thalassa: Brain Disrupted by Annette Berkovits. [1], In the third century, Flavius Philostratus made this comment: "And they say that the sea called Erythra or "red" is of a deep blue colour, but that it was so named, as I said before, from a King Erythras, who gave his own name to the sea in question." The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Ancient Greek: Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs, modern Greek Períplous tis Erythrás Thalássis), also known by its Latin name as the Periplus Maris Erythraei, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea, and others along Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India. ... Periplus of the Erythraean Sea; Tamils; Roman Egypt; Spice trade; Trade route; Bharuch; Hippalus; Opone; Sino-Roman relations; Christianity in India; Timeline of international trade; Incense trade route; Indian maritime history ; Myos Hormos; Gangaridai; Tigrayans; History of … It is in this region where the concentration of Panchaea/Azanian period settlements has been discovered. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, also known by its Latin name as the Periplus Maris Erythraei, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea, and others along Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, includ Sep 5, 2015 - The Red Sea, or what is sometimes called the Erythraean Sea, is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. John Hill maintains that "the Periplus can now be confidently dated to between 40 and 70 AD and, probably, between AD 40 and 50. In an era before maps were in general use, they functioned as a kind of combination atlas and traveller's handbook. The imports to this are as aforesaid [Chapter 8 mentions iron, gold, silver, drinking cups, etc. And after nine days more there is Saphar, the metropolis, in which lives Charibael, lawful king of two tribes, the Homerites and those living next to them, called the Sabaites; through continual embassies and gifts, he is a friend of the Emperors. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in color. Peters also suggests that the description of the "Pyralaoi" (i.e., the "Fire people") – "situated at the entry to the [Mozambique] Channel" – indicates that they were the inhabitants of the volcanic Comoro Islands. After Eudaemon Arabia there is a continuous length of coast, and a bay extending two thousand stadia or more, along which there are Nomads and Fish-Eaters living in villages; just beyond the cape projecting from this bay there is another market-town by the shore, Cana, of the Kingdom of Eleazus, the Frankincense Country; and facing it there are two desert islands, one called Island of Birds, the other Dome Island, one hundred and twenty stadia from Cana. [22] Schoff's translation mentions them as Besatae: they are a people similar to Kirradai and they lived in the region between "Assam and Sichuan". Even today the residents identify these waters as a bay, referring to it as a 'female sea', as opposed to the more violent open sea on the other side of the island of Mafia. The name re-surfaces in late medieval Latin as lacca, borrowed from medieval Arabic lakk in turn borrowed from Sanskritic lakh, meaning lac i.e. It is concerned with the coasts of the Red Sea and |Indian Ocean and may be described as a combined trade directory and Admiralty Handbook, giving sailing directions and information about navigational hazards, harbours, imports and … locals], counting on this, then turn up in the area, collect what the Sêsatai had spread out, extract the fibers from the reeds, which are called petroi, and lightly doubling over the leaves and rolling them into ball-like shapes, they string them on the fibers from the reeds. Thus three grades of malabathron are produced, and then they are transported into India by the people who make them. [26], The British manuscript was edited by Sigmund Gelen (Czech: Zikmund Hruby z Jeleni) in Prague[27] and first published by Hieronymus Froben in 1533. "the Red Sea") was an ancient geographical designation that always included the Gulf of Aden between Arabia Felix and the Horn of Africa and was often extended—as in this periplus—to include the present-day Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Indian Ocean as a single maritime area. All the frankincense produced in the country is brought by camels to that place to be stored, and to Cana on rafts held up by inflated skins after the manner of the country, and in boats. [3] By Schoff's calculations, this would have been during the time of Tiberius Claudius Balbilus (who coincidentally also was an Egyptian Greek). As well as Mare Rubrum in Latin (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf").The Romans called it Ponti Herculis (Sea of Hercules). This name may have derived from the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface,and it must be noted that such kind of algea was first found during 17th century on the research based so the botanical named after the sea. For instance, the short section 9 reads in its entirety: From Malao (Berbera) it is two courses to the mart of Moundou, where ships anchor more safely by an island lying very close to the land. The Byzantine manuscript was taken from Heidelberg to Rome during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), then to Paris under Napoleon after his army's conquest of the Papal States in the late 1790s, then returned to Heidelberg's University Library in 1816[25] where it remains. They make the voyage to this place in a favorable season who set out from Egypt about the month of July, that is Epiphi. In many cases, the description of places is sufficiently accurate to identify their present locations; for others, there is considerable debate. Download this World Map Of Indian Ocean Erythraean Sea Arabian Sea Bengal Bay Srilanka The Maldives The Seychelles Ceylon India Africa Australia Indonesia Madagascar Geographic Chart With Coastline vector illustration now. [34][33], Peters, C., 1902. Recent research by the Tanzanian archaeologist Felix A. Chami has uncovered extensive remains of Roman trade items near the mouth of the Rufiji River and the nearby Mafia island, and makes a strong case that the ancient port of Rhapta was situated on the banks of the Rufiji River just south of Dar es Salaam. If the island of Menuthias mentioned in the Periplus was Zanzibar, a short voyage south would land one in the Rufiji region. [7] Some other named trade goods remain obscure. "a sailing-around") is a kind of logbook recording sailing itineraries and commercial, political, and ethnological details about the ports visited. Under the Western Satraps, Barigaza was one of the main centers of Roman trade in the subcontinent. This error-ridden text served as the basis for other editions and translations for three centuries,[28] until the restoration of the original manuscript to Heidelberg in 1816. Ras Hafun in northern Somalia is believed to be the location of the ancient trade center of Opone. For instance, the short Chapter 9 reads in its entirety: "From Malao it is two courses to the mart of Moundou, where ships anchor more … a JPG map of the same concept Diese W3C-unbestimmte Vektorgrafik wurde mit Inkscape erstellt. The [? The 10th-century manuscript placed it beside Arrian's Periplus of the Black Sea and (apparently mistakenly) also credited Arrian with writing it as well. The "Erythraean Sea" is the name in ancient cartography for a body of water located between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula. On the Erythraean Sea. The Erythraean Sea, or in modern spelling, Eritrean Sea (Greek: ... 17th century map depicting the locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The southern part of the bay is protected from the deep sea by numerous deltaic small islets separated from Mafia Island by shallow and narrow channels. [citation needed] Schoff additionally provides an historical analysis as to the text's original authorship,[2] and arrives at the conclusion that the author was a "Greek in Egypt, a Roman subject". For instance, the short Chapter 9 reads in its entirety: 1. Many trade goods are mentioned in the Periplus, but some of the words naming trade goods are seen nowhere else in ancient literature, and so we can only guess as to what they might be. Red Sea, ancient Sinus Arabicus or Erythraean Sea, narrow sea, c.170,000 sq mi (440,300 sq km), c.1,450 mi (2,330 km) long and up to 225 mi (362 km) wide, between Africa (Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea) and the Arabian peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen); a part of the Great Rift Valley. Inland from this place and to the east, is the city called Ozene, formerly a royal capital; from this place are brought down all things needed for the welfare of the country about Barygaza, and many things for our trade: agate and carnelian, Indian muslins and mallow cloth, and much ordinary cloth. Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα).The sea itself was once referred to as the Erythraean Sea by Europeans. For example, one trade good mentioned is "lakkos chromatinos". The harbors of both are at the boundary of Egypt, and are bays opening from the Erythraean Sea… ‎The GENERAL HISTORICAL collection includes books from the British Library digitised by Microsoft. The name lakkos appears nowhere else in ancient Greek or Roman literature. Aksum is mentioned in the Periplus as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world: From that place to the city of the people called Auxumites there is a five days' journey more; to that place all the ivory is brought from the country beyond the Nile through the district called Cyeneum, and thence to Adulis. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and Saba, regrouped under a single ruler, "Charibael" (probably Karab'il Watar Yuhan'em II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome: 23. Author: Agatharchides of Cnidus. Drawn by James Rennell, 1799. There are imported into this market-town (Barigaza), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar, antimony, gold and silver coin, on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river (River Periyar), distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia. The work consists of 66 sections, most of them about the length of a long paragraph in English. Erythraean definition is - of or relating to the sea that in ancient geography comprised the Arabian sea, the Red sea, and the Persian gulf. Charibael is stated in the Periplus to be "a friend of the (Roman) emperors, thanks to continuous embassies and gifts" and, therefore, Azania could fairly be described as a vassal or dependency of Rome, just as Zesan is described in the 3rd-century Chinese history, the Weilüe.[8][16]. Title: On the Erythraean Sea. Title Erythra Thalassa: Brain Disrupted. The Periplus says that a direct sailing route from the Red Sea to the Indian peninsula across the open ocean was discovered by Hippalus (1st century BC). While the author is unknown, it is clearly a firsthand description by someone familiar with the area and is nearly unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient Hellenic world knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is a short work of uncertain date and unknown authorship, written in very difficult Greek. 4 X Sticker Car Motorbike Flag Eritrea Erythra | Vehicle Parts & Accessories, Motorcycle Accessories, Stickers, Emblems & Flags | eBay! [25][29][30][31], Schoff's heavily annotated 1912 English translation[32] was itself based on a defective original;[33] as late as the 1960s, the only trustworthy scholarly edition was Frisk's 1927 French study. Trade with the Indian harbour of Barygaza is described extensively in the Periplus. Goods were also brought down in quantity from Ujjain, the capital of the Western Satraps: 48. For instance, a "Rhapta" is mentioned as the farthest market down the African coast of "Azania", but there are at least five locations matching the description, ranging from Tanga to south of the Rufiji River delta. The work consists of 66 chapters, most of them about the length of a long paragraph in English. However, archaeological indicators reported above suggest that it was located on the coast of Tanzania, in the region of the Rufiji River and Mafia Island. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. And search more of iStock's library of royalty-free vector art that features Adventure graphics available for quick and easy download. He also maintains that Menuthias (with its abundance of rivers and crocodiles) cannot have been Zanzibar; i.e., Madagascar seems more likely. Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. Publisher Tenth Planet Press. "[4], Schoff continues by noting that the author could not have been "a highly educated man" as "is evident from his frequent confusion of Greek and Latin words and his clumsy and sometimes ungrammatical constructions. The name 'Erythraean Sea' has been or is still used for the following places: Prise de Jérusalem par Hérode le Grand.jpg, Unclassified articles missing geocoordinate data, http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9106296, 1794, Orbis Veteribus Notus by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Erythraean_Sea?oldid=234391, In centuries past the name 'Erythraean Sea' was applied by, The name "Erythraean Sea" was used as well to refer to some, Since 1895, the name has also been applied to a large dusky region on the surface of planet. [12], The Periplus explicitly states that Azania (which included Rhapta) was subject to "Charibael", the king of both the Sabaeans and Homerites in the southwest corner of Arabia. In the Book of Enoch (Chapter XXXII), Enoch passed over the Erythraean Sea on his way to the Garden of Eden. [Hakluyt Society Second Series No. "[5] Because of "the absence of any account of the journey up the Nile and across the desert from Coptos", Schoff prefers to pinpoint the author's residence to "Berenice rather than Alexandria".[5]. The Erythraean Sea([Tamil Language]: எரிதிரை கடல்; Erythirai kadal) (Greek: Ερυθρά Θάλασσα; Erythra Thalassa) is one of the names found in ancient cartography. London: Pearson and Bell, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea&oldid=995410434, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Greek-language sources (el), Articles with Latin-language sources (la), Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 20 December 2020, at 22:00. The Erythraean Sea (Greek: Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα, Erythrà Thálassa, lit. Find World Map Indian Ocean Erythraean Sea stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Ancient Egyptian, Roman and Persian Gulf pottery has been recovered from the site by an archaeological team from the University of Michigan. Ancient text of “On the Erythraean Sea” written in 169 BC The imports to this are as aforesaid [Chapter 8 mentions iron, gold, silver, drinking cups, etc. Of the designated ports on the Erythraean Sea, and the market-towns around it, the first is the Egyptian port of Mussel Harbor [=Myos Hormos]. "Red Sea") was a former maritime designation that always included the Gulf of Aden and at times other seas between Arabia Felix and the Horn of Africa.Originally an ancient Greek geography, it was used throughout Europe until the 18-19th century.At times the name frequently extended beyond the Gulf of … One historical analysis, published by Schoff in 1912, narrowed the date of the text to AD 59–62,[1] in agreement with present-day estimates of the middle of the 1st century. [13], In recent years, Felix Chami has found archaeological evidence for extensive Roman trade on Mafia Island and, not far away, on the mainland, near the mouth of the Rufiji River, which he dated to the first few centuries. In these places there remain even to the present time signs of the expedition of Alexander, such as ancient shrines, walls of forts and great wells. Further, this area served as a hub for trade with the interior, in the Gangetic plain: Besides this there are ex-ported great quantities of fine pearls, ivory, silk cloth, spikenard from the Ganges, malabathrum from the places in the interior, transparent stones of all kinds, diamonds and sapphires, and tortoise-shell; that from Chryse Island, and that taken among the islands along the coast of Damirica (Limyrike). And this place has a trade also with the far-side ports, with Barygaza and Scythia and Ommana and the neighboring coast of Persia. 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