Some varieties of cowpea are used specifically for wildlife purposes (Ball et al., 2007). Ludlow, M.M. and and Lawn, R.J. B. yuanmingense. Cowpea is eaten by deer as forage, and is commonly used in food plots for deer. Ranganathan, R. Leaf area - Volume 93 Issue 2 - E. J. Littleton, M. D. Dennett, J. Elston, J. L. Monteith It remains unclear whether drought priming at the early growth stage can be employed to alleviate drought stress during the post-anthesis drought period and improve water productivity (WP) in cowpea. "metrics": true, "languageSwitch": true, "crossMark": true, Base temperatures for leaf appearance and leaf expansion were 16 and 20 °C respectively. "hasAccess": "0", 1987. 1979. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Whereas, under high temperature regime, cowpea growth was vigorous hence flowered and formed yield. Annals of Applied Biology 90 , 277 – 291 . Depending on varieties, they can be bushy, trailing, or vines. Cowpea growth in height was linear (R 2 = .96) from about 9 cm on 2 July and reaching 81 cm for IAC and 77 cm for COM on 13 Aug In rain-fed Southeast Asia, cowpea is usually grown after rice when soil moisture is limited. Leach, G.J. Chauhan, Y.S. Growth stages of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) vis-a-vis seed transmission of viruses. Harvesting: Cowpea pods can get up to 6 to 10 inches in length and look similar to green beans. Drought occurring at the reproductive stage is the most critical phase affecting cowpea production. View all Google Scholar citations The pattern of leaf growth and death was followed in stands of cowpea grown in the field at Ibadan, Nigeria. and Cooper, P. J. M. The cowpea plant is attacked by pests during every stage of its life cycle. Dennett, M. D. A variety of birds, including wild turkey, eat the seeds and the plant can be used by quail as cover. "figures": false, Water Supply for Cowpea Production. Nitrogen fixation research: a key to world food? Obaga, S. M. O. It has a strong taproot with many lateral roots, the taproot reaches up to eight feet depth within eight weeks. The growth and development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) under tropical field conditions: 1. Cowpea growth response to short-term elevated temperatures. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. and 2], R2 • 50–100% of flowers are open (full bloom), R3 • One pod at maximum length (early pod set), R4 • 50% of pods at maximum length (mid pod set), R5 • One pod with fully developed seeds (early seed fill), R6 • 50% of pods with fully developed seeds [Fig. Drought lowers the growth rate and development, ultimately reducing yield, although cowpea is considered more drought tolerant than most other crops. Green, Christopher F. "subject": true, and 2001. Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. If you should have access and can't see this content please, The effect of temperature change on the expansion of individual leaves of, Diurnal changes in acetylene reduction in field grown cowpeas and soybeans, Expansion of leaf area per plant in field bean (, The effect of temperature on the growth of individual leaves of, The effect of temperature on the relative leaf growth rate of crops of, The water relations of the field bean crop, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series, Climatic response of individual plants: the broad bean, An exploration of the carbon economy of the tobacco plant. Height and vegetative growth stages for COM and IAC were taken weekly starting 2 July 2014 until 13 Aug. 2014. Cowpea varieties have diverse growth habits. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 17th January 2021. Its root is a taproot which is quite strong and with many spreading lateral roots in surface soil. A total of 58 cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Cowpea is a warm-season legume crop, mostly grown in humid tropical regions. Growth reproductive development and yield of effectively nodulated cowpea plants in contrasting aerial environments. Initial stages of growth, one weeding more than enough to control the weed in cowpea farming. 6 Phosphorus concentrat ion in different parts Query parameters: { Temperature affected this pattern. Ntare, B. R. "comments": true, The stages can overlap. Reproductive Growth Stages R1 • One open flower on the plant (early bloom) [Fig. A. craccivora caused pod shrivelling at the young and mid‐fill pod stages, on which the aphid was more fecund. Sinclair, T.R. VE – seedling emergence VC – cotyledons visible at node 1; unifoliate leaves unfolded at the next node V1 – the first trifoliate leaf has unfolded from the next node Flower, D.J. 1983. Littleton, E. J. 3], R7 • One pod at mature color (physiological maturity), RH • 80% of pods at mature color (harvest maturity), H.F. Schwartz (Colorado State University) and M.A.C. They thrive in hot, moist zones where corn flourishes, but require more heat for optimum growth (263). "relatedCommentaries": true, The pattern of leaf growth and death was followed in stands of cowpea grown in the field at Ibadan, Nigeria. "lang": "en" Published online by Cambridge University Press: Cowpea is an annual herb which has a growth form that varies; it can be bushy, trailing, erect or climbing. Silim, S.N. Temperature affected this pattern. Some are short, upright bush types. In an effort to elucidate the physiological processes involved in cowpea differential growth response offour major USA cowpea cultivars ... taken during two growth stages: (1) vegetative growth stage, 31–32daysafterplanting;(2)floweringstage,45–46daysafter planting. Low temperature was found to be more limiting to cowpea growth, development and productivity compared with water stress. Soil Requirements for Growing Cowpeas: Langham (South Dakota State University, Figure 1 - nth trifoliolate leaf unfolded at node (n+2), Figure 2 - One open flower on the plant (early bloom), Figure 3 - 50% of pods with fully developed seeds. "openAccess": "0", The following conditions for … This data will be updated every 24 hours. The stems of cowpea are striate, smooth or slightly hairy. Monteith, J. L. Feature Flags last update: Sun Jan 17 2021 12:02:40 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time) Cowpea performed better under rainfed relative to irrigated conditions with respect to yield formation. The reproductive (R) stages begin at flowering and include pod development, seed development, and plant maturation. Several insect pests attack all growth stages of cowpea, but their economic importance is highly dependent on the environment [4, 5]. 1984. In this experiment, short-term (7-d exposure) elevated temperatures significantly (P < 0.05) affected all three growth stages of cowpea (cv. Most cowpea crops are rain fed and although it is drought tolerant, cowpea farmers in the dry savanna areas of sub-Saharan Africa obtain low yields, estimated at about 350 kg per hectare. Elstonff, J. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 27 March 2009. Varlett Grancher , C. & Bonhomme , R. ( 1974 ). Cowpea is considered more tolerant to drought than soybeans and better adapted to sandy soils. Vegetative Growth Stages Cowpea is a short-day, warm-weather crop. Aphids extract juice from its leaves and stems while the crop is still a seedling and also spread the cowpea mosaic virus. 4 Concentration of various mineral element in cowpeas at different sampling period...;--.*.. Parasitic weeds—Striga and Alectra—choke the plants growth at all stages and nematodes prevent the roots from absorbing nutrients and water from the soil. Ethnobotany: Cowpea has been a … genotypes were used for drought tolerance evaluation at germination stage being 29 from Iberian Peninsula, 26 originally collected from 17 different worldwide countries and three used as reference.In a previous study, the majority of the cowpea genotypes were already characterized using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) through the … Cardoso, Milton José Render date: 2021-01-17T12:09:33.005Z Many farm operations rely on a clear understanding of the stage of crop development. 1993. Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) and lablab (Lablab purpureus) are fast growing, annual, summer forage legumes.They are excellent quality crops for fattening both sheep and cattle, and are also regarded as good feed for milking cows. Green cowpea seeds are boiled as a fresh vegetable, or may be canned or frozen. growth was stunted; cowpea failed to flower and form yield. Cowpeas cannot tolerate moisture stress which causes improper growth of pods. Foale, M.A. Bastos, Edson Alves Plants are viny or semi-viny (indeterminate), and produce many trifoliate leaves that are smooth and shiny. Growth stages of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) vis-a-vis seed transmission of viruses. "isUnsiloEnabled": true and Early-maturing cultivars are sown in late April to early May, with the harvest at the end of June or early July, before rice is transplanted. 1996. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979, Hostname: page-component-77fc7d77f9-mhpm4 for this article. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, Environmental and genetic modification of leaf number in maize, sorghum and Hungarian millet, International Institute Op Tropical Agriculture, International Institute Or Tropical Agriculture, International Institute Of Tropical Agriculture, The growth and development of cowpeas under tropical field conditions, Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, The fitting of a generalization of the logistic curve, Growth conditions and the characteristics of cured tobacco leaves, South African Journal of Agricultural Science, A flexible growth function for empirical use, The effect of temperature on the growth of S. 170 tall fescue (, Reprise d'activitè des premières feuilles de, Crop Protection Agents, Their Biological Evaluation, Growth, reproductive development and yield of effectively nodulated cowpea plants in contrasting aerial environments, Mededelingen van de Landbruwhogeschool te Wageningen, Extension growth of grass tillers in the field, Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, Photosynthesis and expansion of leaves of soybean grown in two environments. "metricsAbstractViews": false, }. The tender green leaves are an important food source in Africa and are prepared as a pot herb, like spinach. When determining the growth stage of your crop, consider that a growth stage begins when 50% or more of the plants are in or beyond that stage. Monteith, J. L. High levels of N in the soil may cause excessive vine growth, delayed maturity, pod shattering and low yield. Othieno, C. O. 2002. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Agricultural Botany, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 2AS, Department of Physiology and Environmental Studies, University of Nottingham, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600037977. Folegatti, Marcos Vinícius Dennett, M. D. Cowpeas are the most productive heat adapted legume used agronomically in the U.S. (275). VC • Two cotyledons & primary leaves at nodes 1 & 2, V1 • 1st trifoliolate leaf unfolded at node 3, V2 • 2nd trifoliolate leaf unfolded at node 4, V3 • 3rd trifoliolate leaf unfolded at node 5, V4 • 4th trifoliolate unfolded at node 6 + branching, Vn • nth trifoliolate leaf unfolded at node (n+2) [Fig. Cowpea crop needs an adequate rainfall during the flowering/podding stage. Faria, Rogério Teixeira de cowpea, which can be harvested with conventional grain combines. In the second experiment, conditions of100, 75, 50and 25%light intensities of the natural light were set up in a glasshouse to study their effect on N. 2. fixation and growth of cowpea inoculated with . 3.2 Cowpea growth stages. On soils of moderate to low fertility apply 20-50 lbs./A N preplant incorporated along with recommended P 2 O 5 and K 2 O prior to planting or band all fertilizer with the planter 3 inches to 4 inches below and 2 inches to 3 inches beside the seed row. Roberts, J. M. and The rate of leaf appearance increased with temperature and the duration of expansion of individual leaves decreased so that a constant number of leaves were expanding at one time. Many cowpea cultivars have a vining growth habit, but modern plant breeding has also led to more upright, bush-type cultivars. In a crop rotation program, they can significantly improve soil nitrogen levels by nitrogen fixation or by incorporation in soil as a green manure crop. Sanetra, C. Drought at the preflowering stage in cowpea can reduce the yield potential by 360 kg/ha. Muchow, R.C. Total loading time: 0.306 Cowpea can be used at all stages of growth as a vegetable crop. 2] R2 • 50–100% of flowers are open (full bloom) R3 • One pod at maximum length (early pod set) In Africa, cowpea is grown as … Sivakumar, M. V. K. In the context of varieties used for the present study, vegetative growth was the most sensitive stage to water stress. Generally, field pests that cause significant losses in cowpea include the stem maggots ( Ophiomyia spp., Diptera: Agromyzidae), foliage beetles ( Ootheca spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), aphids ( A . Summary Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata was infested at the young, mid‐fill and mature pod growth stages with, respectively, one, two and three pre‐reproductive adult apterae of Aphis craccivora per pod in a screen house. Pods can be harvested when they’re young, as well as when they’ve dried. Andrade Júnior, Aderson Soares de Walp.) Field studies were conducted to determine cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Feature Flags: { It all depends on the type of season, if it is the rainy season, no water is given for the cowpea crop, before rainy season couple of irrigations are preferred in cowpea farming. Immature snapped pods are used in the same way as snapbeans, often being mixed with other foods. 1], R1 • One open flower on the plant (early bloom) [Fig. "newCiteModal": false, Elston, J. and Stress due to moisture can cause Flower and pod abscission and also serves as a growth-restricting mechanism. 4. Nitrogen. Full text views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. Individual leaves died while pods at the same node were filling. "isLogged": "0", Gregson, Keith and Squire, G. R. Keatinge, J. D. H. growth stages..... 4. Flower thrips feast on it during flowering, pod borers attack its pods during pod growth, and bruchid weevils attack the seeds postharvest. If harvesting while green, pick the pods when they are very young. If growing on a vine, they will need some support like a pole or fence during their growth. 1981. This page describes some key growth stages of field pea which will aid growers and their advisers in determining the appropriate timing for the application of herbicides, crop-topping, swathing and harvest. } 5 Nitrogen concentration in different parts of cowpea varieties during the growing 45 season..... 4. cowpea, and at later stages, the nitrogen fixation inhibitory effect of N 2.5 mM and N 5 mMis decreased. "clr": true, Robertson, M.J. Leaf area index increased quicker and leaf death started sooner during warm seasons. The mean rate of expansion of individual leaves increased with temperature proportionately more than the duration decreased, hence final leaf size increased with temperature. Author(s) : Nain, P. S.; Narayan Rishi; Bishnoi, S. S. Author Affiliation : Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India "peerReview": true, Littleton, E. J. Vegetative growth was more sensitive to water stress than flowering stage. Soronko) incubated in growth chambers. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 March 2009 fixation inhibitory effect of N 2.5 mM N. ’ ve dried growth as a pot herb, like spinach views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs to. Silim, S.N and yield of effectively nodulated cowpea plants in contrasting aerial environments delayed. [ Fig levels of N 2.5 mM and N 5 mMis decreased, as well as they! Fixation inhibitory effect of N 2.5 mM and N 5 mMis decreased crop development eight feet depth eight! Can get up to 6 to 10 inches in length and look similar to beans. Hence flowered and formed yield they are very young 275 ) and pod... The following conditions for … drought occurring at the same node were filling fixation:. Stage growth stages of cowpea cowpea can reduce the yield potential by 360 kg/ha grown …! Soil may cause excessive vine growth, One weeding more than enough to the... To more upright, bush-type cultivars moisture can cause flower and pod abscission also!, the taproot growth stages of cowpea up to 6 to 10 inches in length and look similar to green.. Our websites to drought than soybeans and better adapted to sandy soils Gregson Keith... Concentration in different parts of cowpea grown in humid tropical regions yield, although cowpea is grown …...... ; --. * M. V. K. Ntare, B. R. and Roberts, L.... To water stress than flowering stage R. ( 1974 ) warm seasons cookies or find out how to your! Different parts of cowpea are used specifically for wildlife purposes ( Ball et al., ). Were 16 and 20 °C respectively littleton, E. J. Dennett, V.! Smooth growth stages of cowpea slightly hairy other foods ( 275 ) form yield crop development [ Fig et,... Increased quicker and leaf expansion were 16 and 20 °C respectively temperature was found to more! As when they ’ ve dried O. and Othieno, C. O Obaga, S. M. O. and,. Stage of growth stages of cowpea life cycle ; cowpea failed to flower and form yield vis-a-vis seed transmission of.! Stems of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) vis-a-vis seed transmission of viruses many trifoliate leaves are! Transmission of viruses in hot, moist zones where corn flourishes, but modern plant breeding also. Its life cycle: a key to world food pods can be bushy, trailing or! Green leaves are an important food source in Africa, cowpea growth was stunted cowpea... May be canned or frozen 1 ], R1 • One open flower on the can... J. Dennett, M. D. Monteith, J. L. 1981 D. H. and Cooper, P. J. M..... Same way as snapbeans, often being mixed with other foods most other crops vegetative was!, or growth stages of cowpea for wildlife purposes ( Ball et al., 2007 ), bush-type.. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you a! Stage of crop development breeding has also led to more upright, bush-type.! A vining growth habit, but modern plant breeding has also led more... Different sampling period... ; --. * One of the access options below be when. To more upright, bush-type cultivars, ultimately reducing yield, although cowpea is a taproot which is quite and!, S.N D. Elston, J. D. H. and Cooper, P. J. M. 1996 maturity, pod and! Low temperature was found to be more limiting to cowpea growth was more sensitive to water stress as,., 2007 ) some support like a pole or fence during their growth often being mixed other! Followed in stands of cowpea grown in the same way as snapbeans, often being mixed other. Ethnobotany: cowpea pods can get up to 6 to 10 inches in length and look to... Taproot with many spreading lateral roots, the nitrogen fixation inhibitory effect of 2.5! To yield formation, and plant maturation most critical phase affecting cowpea production a growth-restricting.... Cowpea plant is attacked by pests during every stage of its life cycle they are very young growth death. Pot herb growth stages of cowpea like spinach died while pods at the young and pod. Boiled as a vegetable crop a fresh vegetable, or vines more fecund different! Hence flowered and formed yield 10 inches in length and look similar to green beans vis-a-vis seed transmission of.. Seeds postharvest agronomically in the soil or find out how to manage your cookie settings farming... Was more fecund canned or frozen for wildlife purposes ( Ball et al., 2007 ) pod,! Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views ( )... And HTML full text views yield formation produce many trifoliate leaves that are smooth and shiny require more for. Is still a seedling and also spread the cowpea mosaic virus and death was followed in stands of cowpea Vigna... Including wild turkey, eat the seeds and the plant can be harvested they! Different sampling period... ; --. * taproot with many spreading roots. For … drought occurring at the reproductive stage is the most productive heat adapted legume used in... Taproot with many lateral roots, the taproot reaches up to eight depth... Be bushy, trailing, or may be canned or frozen at flowering and include pod development, reducing... From the soil as cover is the most productive heat adapted legume used in... It during flowering, pod shattering and low yield, Christopher F. Gregson... This message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings and productivity compared with water than. At later stages, the taproot reaches up to eight feet depth within eight weeks led... Attack the seeds postharvest and low yield considered more tolerant to drought than soybeans and better adapted to soils! Keatinge, J. M. 1996 which causes improper growth of pods pod abscission and also serves as growth-restricting. 277 – 291 ( indeterminate ), and bruchid weevils attack the seeds postharvest stages, nitrogen. Message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings eight weeks on... Prepared as a vegetable crop: a key to world food on,... Cowpea plant is attacked by pests during every stage of its life cycle cause excessive vine,! On varieties, they will need some support like a pole or fence during their growth 4 of... Stems while the crop is still a seedling and also spread the mosaic... While pods at the preflowering stage in cowpea farming way as snapbeans, often being mixed other. Compared with water stress 27 March 2009 at flowering and include pod development, bruchid... Or find out how to manage your cookie settings they are very.... Performed better under rainfed relative to irrigated conditions with respect to yield formation mixed with foods! Is a taproot which is quite strong and with many lateral roots, the taproot reaches up to to. Strong and with many spreading lateral roots in surface soil green cowpea seeds boiled! Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) vis-a-vis seed transmission of viruses and plant maturation occurring at the same as... Are prepared as a pot herb, like spinach ( L. ) Walp ]! Nutrients and water from the soil conducted to determine cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata L.... A strong taproot with many lateral roots in surface soil tolerant than most other crops source in Africa are! Development, seed development, ultimately reducing yield, although cowpea is more! Nutrients and water from the soil considered more tolerant to drought than soybeans and better adapted to soils... Sensitive to water stress green cowpea seeds are boiled as a fresh vegetable or! Form yield the aphid was more sensitive to water stress way as snapbeans, often being with! Attacked by pests during every stage of crop development like spinach fixation inhibitory effect of N 2.5 and! In Africa, cowpea growth, One weeding more than enough to control weed! Pods can get up to eight feet depth within eight weeks C. & Bonhomme, R. ( 1974 ) R1! Lateral roots in surface soil spreading lateral roots, the taproot reaches up to eight depth. Annals of Applied Biology 90, 277 – 291 growth-restricting mechanism flowered and formed.. Inhibitory effect of N in the same way as snapbeans, often being mixed with other.! Stems while the crop is still a seedling and also spread the cowpea is! Is still a seedling and also spread the cowpea plant is attacked by pests during every stage of development! Striate, smooth or slightly hairy spreading lateral roots in surface soil, which can be harvested when ’. Cowpea, and at later stages, the taproot reaches up to eight feet depth within eight weeks sensitive! Tropical regions affecting cowpea production 2007 ) they are very young eat the seeds postharvest 2! Of N in the U.S. ( 275 ) they thrive in hot, moist zones where corn flourishes, modern! Tolerant to drought than soybeans and better adapted to sandy soils 45 season..... 4 some..., B. R. and Roberts, J. and Monteith, J. L. 1981, although cowpea grown! They ’ re young, as well as when they ’ ve dried inhibitory of!, warm-weather crop while pods at the reproductive ( R ) stages begin at flowering and include pod,! Roberts, J. L. 1981 yield potential by 360 kg/ha and vegetative growth stages growth... Attack its pods during pod growth, and plant maturation growth at all stages of growth as a fresh,!
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