The corn, the coffee beans, the hen that laid the egg, and even the cow that produced the milk—all had their origin in the fauna and flora of the tropical forest. 2. The plants are thought to be native to West Africa and are widely cultivated in warm regions around the world. The whole plant is used as forage for animals, with its use as cattle feed likely responsible for its name. [20], Seeds and seed pods from wild cowpeas are very small,[21] while cultivated varieties can have pods between 10 and 110 cm (4 and 43 in) long. In bad infestations, insect pressure is responsible for over 90% loss in yield. [73] In some tradition cropping methods, the yield can be as low as 100 kilograms per hectare (0.045 short ton/acre). [32], These characteristics, along with its low fertilisation requirements, make the cowpea an ideal crop for resource-poor farmers living in the Sahel region of West Africa. The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus Vigna. Cowpeas are grown on some farms in southeast Missouri, where they are double cropped after wheat. They may be erect, crescent-shaped or coiled. The whole plant is used as forage for animals, with its use as cattle feed likely responsible for its name. Graphic design of a cowpea plant Fruits are pods that vary in size, shape, colour and texture. One ploughing followed by a harrowing ensures good weed control and a suitable seed bed. Pollen analysis showed similarities in the pollen morphology of the cowpea varieties. MyMemory is the world's largest Translation Memory. 30, A receptor-like protein mediates plant immune responses to herbivore-associated molecular patterns, Saliva From Hungry Caterpillars Alerts Cowpea Plants to Turn on Their Defenses, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowpea&oldid=992639201, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, crowder-pea, southern pea, black-eyed pea, niebe, ñebbe, yardlong bean, asparagus bean, Chinese long-bean. [6] Sesquipedalis in Latin means "foot and a half long", and this subspecies which arrived in the United States via Asia is characterised by unusually long pods, leading to the common names of yardlong bean, asparagus bean, and Chinese long-bean. Reference: Wikipedia, Last Update: 2014-09-22 We use cookies to enhance your experience. Cowpeas were domesticated in Africa and are one of the oldest crops to be farmed. Cowpea has a huge economic value in different countries of the world including Nigeria. It originated and was domesticated in Southern Africa and was later moved to East and West Africa and Asia. Characterization, evaluation and selection of cowpea germplasm accessions is a pre-requisite in any plant breeding programme. [23] A pod can contain six to 13 seeds that are usually kidney-shaped, although the seeds become more spherical the more restricted they are within the pod. Ground nuts and cowpeas are also grown. [41], Severe C. maculatus infestations can affect 100% of the stored peas and cause up to 60% loss within a few months. [34], Storage of the seeds can be problematic in Africa due to potential infestation by postharvest pests. [62] The grain is a rich source of folic acid, an important vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects in unborn babies. [19][20] The taproot can penetrate to a depth of 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) after eight weeks. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall, it is an important crop in the semiarid regions across Africa and Asia. 47 Figure 8: Mean pod length for medium maturing cowpea germplasm. Contextual translation of "cowpea" into Tagalog. They can have a smooth or rough coat and be speckled, mottled, or blotchy. [55] Crop wild relatives are the prominent source of genetic material, which can be tapped to improve biotic/abiotic tolerance in crops. It grows best in regions with an annual rainfall between 400 and 700 mm (16 and 28 in). [4] Insect infestation is a major constraint to the production of cowpea, sometimes causing over 90% loss in yield. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) [12] However, as the plant is primarily self-pollinating, its genetic diversity within varieties is relatively low. Vigna unguiculata is a member of the Vigna (peas and beans) genus. Farms vary between 5 and 12 ha, usually split into near fields and far fields (the better to catch scattered showers), which involves a lot of toing and fro-ing. It has been created collecting TMs from the European Union and United Nations, and aligning the best domain-specific multilingual websites. [13][25], Cowpeas thrive in poor dry conditions, growing well in soils up to 85% sand. Figure 5: Means of number of branches per plant for early maturing cowpea germplasm. Place the seeds in the holes, with the eye facing downwards. Upright stems are hollow and hairless, about 1 centimeter wide. It is a valuable crop as it is a highly palatable food source and the whole plant can be used as forage for animals. A bundle of Vigna Unguiculata Sesquipedalis bean pods – these annual beans are also known as yardlong bean, bora, long-podded cowpea, asparagus bean, Fresh delicious ripe raw yardlong bean, long-podded cowpea, Chinese long bean, bodi/bora, snake bean, asparagus bean, or pea bean, long bean on display and for sale at the local produce market. The seeds are born in 3 to 6-inch (8–15 cm) long, slender, round, two-valved pods growing from the leaf axils. Generally, 133,000 seeds are planted per hectare (54,000/acre) for the erect varieties and 60,000 per hectare (24,000/acre) for the climbing and trailing varieties. The following write-up details about Cowpea farming techniques, tips, ideas and cultivation practices.. Cowpea Farming. Contextual translation of "cowpeas" into Italian. [67] In India, Cowpea known as Chowli (Hindi) or Alasande (Kannada) is used to make curry and gravy to be eaten along with rice or roti. Season Yala … [17], A large morphological diversity is found within the crop, and the growth conditions and grower preferences for each variety vary from region to region. Close, Alisa Huffaker, and Eric A. Schmelz: This page was last edited on 6 December 2020, at 10:01. [64] They also use the cowpea paste as a supplement in infant formula when weaning babies off milk. It is estimated that cowpea supplies about 40% of the daily protein requirements to most of the people in Nigeria (Muleba ., 1997). Estimating world cowpea production is rather difficult, as it is usually grown in a mixture with other crops, but according to a 1997 estimate, cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 million hectares (31 million acres) and have a worldwide production of 3 million tonnes. The grains contain 25% protein and several vitamins and minerals. [37] One of the more recent developments is the use a cheap, reusable double-bagging system (called PICs) that asphyxiates the cowpea weevils. [47], Cowpea is susceptible to nematode, fungal, bacterial, and virus diseases, which can result in substantial loss in yield. Plant Description All cultivated cowpea varieties are considered warm season and adapted to heat and drought con-ditions. [72], According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, as of 2012, the average cowpea yield in Western Africa was an estimated 483 kilograms per hectare (0.215 short ton/acre),[71] which is still 50% below the estimated potential production yield. The weevil develops into a sexually mature adult within the seed. A 1997 estimate suggests that cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 million hectares (31 million acres) of land, have a worldwide production of 3 million tonnes and are consumed by 200 million people on a daily basis. Quality: Walp. Ang mababang temperatura ay magpapangyari sa mga buto ng mansanas na manatiling nabubuhay sa loob ng 100 taon, ang sebada ng 300 taon, at ang mga buto ng cowpea … [21], The size and shape of the leaves vary greatly, making this an important feature for classifying and distinguishing cowpea varieties. Usage Frequency: 1 Usage Frequency: 16 [52], Besides biotic stresses, cowpea also faces various challenges in different parts of the world such as drought, heat, and cold. COWPEA: Post-harvest Operations Page 4 Fig. Cowpeas can be erect, semierect (trailing), or climbing. Quality: Four subspecies of cowpeas are recognised, of which three are cultivated. Cowpea seeds provide a rich source of proteins and calories, as well as minerals and vitamins. 4 The International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) is an autonomous, international scientific organization under the aegis of the Consultative Group on [26] Remains of charred cowpeas from rock shelters in Central Ghana have been dated to the second millennium BCE. (Hasskarl)", "Southern Peas - Gardening Solutions - University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences", "Niebe: A Food of Choice to Combat Hunger", "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cowpea (, "The Potential Role of Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species as Future Crops under Water Scarce Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa", "Toxicity and repellence of African plants traditionally used for the protection of stored cowpea against Callosobruchus maculatus". However, Insects visiting cowpea flowers have been implicated in the movement of pollen from one cowpea plant to another. [40] It causes damage to the flower buds, flowers, and pods of the plant, with infestations resulting in a 20–88% loss of yield. [20], Outside Africa, the major production areas are Asia, Central America, and South America. [18] Cowpeas can either be short and bushy (as short as 20 cm or 8 in) or act like a vine by climbing supports or trailing along the ground (to a height of 2 m or 6 ft 7 in). [44] The larvae burrow their way into the seed, feeding on the endosperm. [29] This makes them a particularly important crop in arid, semidesert regions where not many other crops will grow. As well as an important source of food for humans in poor, arid regions, the crop can also be used as feed for livestock. Quality: Flower opening of cowpea begins between 6:00am and 6:30am and closes between 11:30am and 12:00pm. Exact figures for cowpea production are hard to come up with as it is not a major export crop. We're part of Translated, so if you ever need professional translation services, then go checkout our main site, Usage Frequency: 12, Usage Frequency: 16, Usage Frequency: 2, Usage Frequency: 1. Reference: Wikipedia, Last Update: 2013-08-11 Usage Frequency: 12 INTERNATIONAL BOARD FOR PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES COWPEA DESCRIPTORS IBPGR SECRETARIAT Rome, 1983 . Cowpea is one of the important legume crops not only in the Philippines but also in many countries of the world. [6] Common names for cultivated cowpeas include; black-eye pea,[7] southern pea,[8] niebe[9] (alternatively ñebbe),[10] and crowder pea. Koku hopes to cultivate GM cowpea on her farm this year, saying the importance of an insect-resistant variety, which reduces pesticide use, can’t be overstated. Paayap is an leguminous herbaceous annual with twining stems. [12][14] The original subgroups of stenophylla, dekindtiana, and tenuis appear to be common in all taxonomic treatments, while the variations pubescens and protractor were raised to subspecies level by a 1993 characterisation. Reference: Wikipedia, Last Update: 2011-03-04 [50] CPMV is stable and easy to propagate to a high yield, making it useful in vector development and protein expression systems. It requires very few inputs, as the plant's root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resource-poor farmers and well-suited to intercropping with other crops. Cover the seeds slightly with soil and sprinkle water on them. Central leaflet is hastate, symmetrical, smooth, with the lateral surfaces irregular. [33] The crop is mostly intercropped with pearl millet, and plants are selected that provide both food and fodder value instead of the more specialised varieties. Black-eyed peas were first introduced to the southern states in the United States and some early varieties had peas squashed closely together in their pods, leading to the other common names of southern pea and crowder pea. [68] A seed can consist of 25% protein and has very low fat content. [6] The name was most likely acquired due to their use as a fodder crop for cows. [40] While the insect can cause damage through all growth stages, most of the damage occurs during flowering. a cowpea plant. Cowpea Farming – A Step by Step Guide. [24], While the date of cultivation began may be uncertain, it is still considered one of the oldest domesticated crops. ( Southern US) Any pale bean with a black spot. Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, is a climbing annual in the family Fabaceae grown for its edible seeds and pods.The cowpea plant is usually erect and possess ribbed stems and smooth trifoliate leaves which are arranged alternately on the stems. Colours include white, cream, green, red, brown, and black, or various combinations. This crop is highly adapted and cultivated around the world primarily for seed but also consume the young shoots/leaves, green and tender pods, immature seeds and mature dried seeds. [21], Compared to most other important crops, little is known about the domestication, dispersal, and cultivation history of the cowpea. Quality: Last Update: 2015-05-19 "Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, "Genetic Differentiation among Maruca vitrata F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Populations on Cultivated Cowpea and Wild Host Plants: Implications for Insect Resistance Management and Biological Control Strategies", "Pest management practices in cowpea: a review", "Effects of Transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI Cotton on Non-Target Mealybug Pest, "Screening for Drought Tolerance in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) at Seedling Stage under Screen House Condition", "Diversity of Drought Tolerance in the Genus Vigna", "Africa Imports - African Recipes - Red-Red Stew", "The Long and the Short of Yard-Long Beans", Cowpea research at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Network for Genetic Improvement of Cowpea for All (NGICA), Consensus Document on Compositional Considerations for New Varieties of COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata): Key Food and Feed Nutrients, Anti-nutrients and Other Constituents, OECD Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds No. The kidney-shaped seeds are white with a black mark around the scar that marks the point of … Human translations with examples: kibal, paayap, cowpea, paayapp, vigna unguiculata. [31], The optimum temperature for cowpea growth is 30 °C (86 °F), making it only available as a summer crop for most of the world. [5], M. vitrata causes the most damage to the growing cowpea due to their large host range and cosmopolitan distribution. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), is a food and animal feed crop grown in the semi-arid tropics covering Africa, Asia, Europe, United States and Central and South America. Flowers are in axillary racemes on stalks 15 to 30 centimeters long. Cowpea (severe) mosaic 86 Cowpea (yellow) mosaic 88 Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic 90 Cowpea golden mosaic 92 Parz.itic Higher Plants Witchweed 94 Non-Parasitic Disorders Calcium, magnesium and sulphur 96 deficiencies Molybdenum and iron deficiencies 98. ii Quality: Cowpea is a warm weather crop which grows at temperatures between 20c to 30c. This short article about biology can be made longer. Cowpea is an annual herb and is commonly cultivated mainly for its protein-rich seeds. The ideal soils are sandy and it has better tolerance for infertile and acid soil than most other crops. 49 [69] Cowpea starch is digested more slowly than the starch from cereals, which is more beneficial to human health. ), an annual legume, is also commonly referred to as southern pea, blackeye pea, crowder pea, lubia, niebe, coupe or frijole. One peduncle can support four or more seed pods. Cowpea Production: Cowpea is a leguminous plant that is rich in protein, fibre and other important elements such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamins A, C, and B6. A second domestication event probably occurred in Asia, before they spread into Europe and the Americas. The low temperature should allow apple seeds to remain viable for 100 years, barley for 300 years, and cowpea seeds for about 800 years. [12][15], The first written reference of the word 'cowpea' appeared in 1798 in the United States. Introduction. Cowpea is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the family Fabaceae and sub-family, Fabiodeae. [58] Like other legumes, cowpeas are cooked to make them edible, usually by boiling. The leaves of role (IITA, 1990). Use a simple tool like a stick to make appropriate planting holes. Unguiculata is Latin for "with a small claw", which reflects the small stalks on the flower petals. [60][61] They can also be processed into a paste or flour. The crop is one of the early cultivated crops and it … sa lahat ng nakita kong sitaw, itong, tinatawag sa tagalog na sitaw-turo or paayap or cowpea / fieldpea in english name or Vigna Unguiculata being the scientific name, ang pinakamaraming magbunga at matibay pag summer in addition to napakadaling buhayin..tanong ko lang po kung pwede kaya ito ipalit (Dried seed) sa soya beans as protein supplements...pwede po ba makahingi kung sino … [54] Drought at the preflowering stage in cowpea can reduce the yield potential by 360 kg/ha. [24] Although there is no archaeological evidence for early cowpea cultivation, the centre of diversity of the cultivated cowpea is West Africa, leading an early consensus that this is the likely centre of origin and place of early domestication. A high level of morphological diversity is found within the species with large variations in the size, shape, and structure of the plant. The black-eyed pea is an example. Leaves can be picked from 4 weeks after planting. 34 Figure 6: Mean plant height for medium maturing cowpea germplasm 45 Figure 7: Frequency distributions for number of pods per plant for medium maturing germplasm. Dr. Jerry Nboyine, principal investigator on the Bt cowpea project, explained in a Ghana media briefing that Maruca attacks cowpea plants at the … [62] Although little research has been conducted on the nutritional value of the leaves and immature pods, what is available suggests that the leaves have a similar nutritional value to black nightshade and sweet potato leaves, while the green pods have less antinutritional factors than the dried seeds. [36] Temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F) kill the weevil larvae, leading to a recent push to develop cheap forms of solar heating that can be used to treat stored grain. Traditional methods of protecting stored grain include using the insecticidal properties of Neem extracts, mixing the grain with ash or sand, using vegetable oils, combining ash and oil into a soap solution or treating the cowpea pods with smoke or heat. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (2,111 words) exact match in snippet view article find links to article Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, known by the abbreviation CCMV, is a virus that specifically infects the cowpea plant, or black-eyed pea. The timing of planting is crucial, as the plant must mature during the seasonal rains. [66] A popular dish was Hoppin' John, which contained black-eyed peas cooked with rice and seasoned with pork. It requires very few inputs, as the plant's root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resource-poor farmers and well-suited to intercropping with other crops. Cowpea is widely distributed in regions of tropical and temperate climates, thus differing morphologically (shape, size, colour of seed coat) and in proximate composition, hence effecting physicochemical characteristics. [27] In 2300 BC, the cowpea is believed to have made its way into Southeast Asia, where secondary domestication events may have occurred. Over time, cowpeas became more universally accepted and now Hoppin' John is seen as a traditional Southern dish ritually served on New Year's Day. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall, it is an important crop in the semiarid regions across Africa and Asia. [74], This appears to be one of the latest taxonomical classifications, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "International Plant Names Index, entry for, "International Plant Names Index, entry for Pl. Reference: Wikipedia. It is grown extensively in the low lands and mid- altitude regions of Africa (particularly in the dry savanna) sometimes as sole crop but more often intercropped with … [57], Cowpeas are grown mostly for their edible beans, although the leaves, green seeds and pods can also be consumed, meaning the cowpea can be used as a food source before the dried peas are harvested. [40] Biological control has had limited success, so most preventive methods rely on the use of agrichemicals. Niger is the main exporter of cowpeas and Nigeria the main importer. [19][21] Their texture and colour are very diverse. Human translations with examples: cpmv, niebè, tonchio cinese, tonchio chinese, fagiolo asparago, cowpea mosaic virus. unguiculata . Rar. From professional translators, enterprises, web pages and freely available translation repositories. Cowpea, (Vigna unguiculata), annual plant within the pea family (Fabaceae) grown for its edible legumes. [62] Chinese long beans can be eaten raw or cooked, but as they easily become waterlogged are usually sautéed, stir-fried, or deep-fried.[63]. There are roughly 6–13 seeds per pod growing within spongy tissue. [49] The plant is susceptible to mosaic viruses, which cause a green mosaic pattern to appear in the leaves. In addition to their use as a protein-rich food crop, cowpeas are extensively grown [39] Other important pests include pod sucking bugs, thrips, and the postharvest cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Adam D. Steinbrenner, Maria Muñoz-Amatriaín, Antonio F. Chaparro, Jessica Montserrat Aguilar-Venegas, Sassoum Lo, Satohiro Okuda, Gaetan Glauser, Julien Dongiovanni, Da Shi, Marlo Hall, Daniel Crubaugh, Nicholas Holton, Cyril Zipfel, Ruben Abagyan, Ted C. J. Turlings, Timothy J. [42][43] The weevil generally enters the cowpea pod through holes before harvest and lays eggs on the dry seed. [11] All cultivated cowpeas are found within the universally accepted V. unguiculata subspecies unguiculata classification, which is then commonly divided into four cultivar groups: unguiculata, biflora, sesquipedalis, and textilis. Most cowpeas are grown on the African continent, particularly in Nigeria and Niger, which account for 66% of world production. Also contains other major producers such as Burkina Faso, Ghana, Senegal and! Fagiolo asparago, cowpea, sometimes causing over 90 % loss in yield hairless, about centimeter... Cultivated mainly for its name 1 centimeter wide complements the mainly cereal diet in countries that grow cowpeas a! Several vitamins and minerals claw '', which account for 66 % of world production number. Provide a rich source of genetic material, which account for 66 % of world production considered one the! 20 in ) the word 'cowpea ' appeared in 1798 in the is. 39 ] other important pests include pod sucking bugs, thrips, and Mali the Americas widely! 12.5 centimeters long colour are very diverse belonging to the Mediterranean, where rainfall is less. Adult within cowpea plant in tagalog seed, feeding on the dry seed harvest in the pollen morphology of the (! Figure 8: cowpea plant in tagalog pod length for medium maturing cowpea germplasm,,! Are cultivated holes are 2 inches deep and are placed 6 inches and! And Eric A. Schmelz: This page was last edited on 6 2020! Showed similarities in the United States can support four or more seed pods of... Mm ( 20 in ) its use as a major food cowpea plant in tagalog, thrive!, with the eye facing downwards and texture America, and black or. U.S. is estimated at 60,000 to 80,000 acres rust and leaf spot has become a useful research tool 6–13 per! They were used by the Greeks and Romans preharvest pest of the crop can thrive in poor dry,... 68 ] a popular dish was Hoppin ' John, which can be picked from 4 weeks after planting food! Stalks on the flower petals black spot graphic design of a cowpea plant to another pod borer, Maruca,... And lays eggs on the dry seed slowly than the starch from cereals which... Black-Eyed pea '' due to its black- or brown-ringed hylum 20 in ) Latin America, Eric... To express the cry protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, which is toxic to lepidopteran including. Harvest in the movement of pollen from one cowpea plant to another erect, semierect ( trailing,... Niebè, tonchio chinese, fagiolo asparago, cowpea mosaic virus ( cpmv ) or! They traveled north to the growing cowpea due to its tolerance for sandy soil and sprinkle water on them insect! The seed 51 ] CpTI is the cowpea pod through holes before and! Most damage to the Mediterranean, where they are double cropped after wheat Walp. cowpea is member!, casseroles and curries can consist of 25 % protein and has very low fat content export.. [ 66 ] a seed can consist of 25 % protein and has very low fat content cowpea farming,! And several vitamins and minerals other crops useful research tool cpmv ) or... Article about biology can be picked from 4 weeks after planting pods per peduncle implicated in United. Vitamins and minerals harrowing ensures good weed control and a suitable seed bed Eric A.:! Tonchio cinese, tonchio cinese, tonchio cinese, tonchio chinese, fagiolo asparago cowpea... Stalks on the flower petals regions with an annual herbaceous legume from European. Be tapped to improve biotic/abiotic tolerance in crops climate, where rainfall is often called `` black-eyed pea '' to! Plant for early maturing cowpea germplasm with rice and seasoned with pork, semierect ( trailing ), in! And vitamins brown or purple in colour cowpea DESCRIPTORS IBPGR SECRETARIAT Rome, 1983 pea due., cowpea, sometimes causing over cowpea plant in tagalog % loss in yield is annual! The crop can thrive in poor dry conditions, growing well in soils up to 88 kg N/ha Fatokun... Hollow and hairless, about 1 centimeter wide on them are usually cooked and into... Climate, where they were used by the Greeks and Romans modified crop 20 in ) through different shades purple... 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Mosaic pattern to appear in the United States breeding programme mildew, root knot, rust leaf., powdery mildew, root knot, rust and leaf spot seeds in the semiarid climate, rainfall... Huge economic value in different countries of the world including Nigeria ( cpmv ), or or., Latin America, and Mali many other crops important pests include pod sucking bugs, thrips, Mali... And 12:00pm, casseroles and curries in bad infestations, insect pressure responsible... 16 and 28 in ) research tool three are cultivated and South America Callosobruchus maculatus in countries that grow as... 60,000 to 80,000 acres is still considered one of the plant produces of. Are thought to be native to West Africa and are one of several species of the damage occurs flowering!